Türkiye

Türkiye: Large Force, Weak Governance Scores

Türkiye's GDP reached $1.36 trillion in 2024, with per capita output of $15,893 across a population of 85.5 million, according to the World Bank's WDI figures for that year.

Fiscal and External Position

The IMF's WEO projects government debt at 25.5 percent of GDP in 2026 — comparatively low among major economies, though this is a forward projection rather than an outturn. Reserves were $71.6 billion as of 2025, per IMF IFS data.

Military Posture

SIPRI's 2025 figures put military expenditure at $30.0 billion, or 1.908 percent of GDP, a ratio calculated against SIPRI's own GDP series rather than the WDI figure above; the two are not interchangeable. Active personnel numbered 355,000 as of 2022, per COW NMC, with a CINC score of 0.0125, also from the 2022 COW NMC release. Both personnel and CINC figures predate the current year by three years.

Governance

V-Dem's 2025 data gives Türkiye an electoral democracy index of 0.293, a liberal democracy index of 0.11, and a state capacity score of 0.157. These are low readings across all three measures on V-Dem's 0-1 scale, indicating constrained electoral competitiveness, weak liberal safeguards, and limited administrative capacity as scored by V-Dem's v15 methodology.

Energy

Primary energy consumption stood at 7.535 exajoules in 2024, and electricity generation reached 353.86 TWh in 2025, per Our World in Data. Domestic oil and gas production are comparatively minor and badly dated in this file: oil production of 31.756 TWh and gas production of 3.906 TWh are both sourced to 2016, nine years out of date relative to the rest of the profile, and say nothing about current output.

Reading the Figures Together

Türkiye's active-duty force of 355,000 personnel (2022, COW NMC) sits alongside a liberal democracy score of 0.11 and a state capacity score of 0.157, both from V-Dem's 2025 release — low readings on both governance measures. Reserves of $71.6 billion (2025, IMF IFS) are roughly 2.4 times the 2025 military budget of $30.0 billion, though reserves and expenditure figures come from different sources and should be treated as independent data points rather than a precise ratio.

What the Data Does Not Show

No figures are supplied on nuclear capability, NATO-specific commitments, foreign basing, defense-industrial exports, or current-year personnel levels. The governance and military-personnel figures are drawn from different years (2025 and 2022 respectively) and should not be read as a single-moment snapshot.

Sources: World Bank WDI, IMF WEO, IMF IFS, SIPRI Milex, COW NMC, V-Dem v15, Our World in Data (Energy)