Romania

Romania: Mid-Sized Economy With Domestic Gas Production Exceeding Oil

Romania's GDP was $382.6 billion in 2024, per the World Bank's WDI series, with GDP per capita of $20,080 and a population of 19.1 million. The IMF's World Economic Outlook projects government debt at 61.9 percent of GDP in 2026. Reserves stood at $76.1 billion as of 2025, per the IMF's International Financial Statistics.

Military Posture

SIPRI's 2025 figures put Romanian military expenditure at $9.7 billion, or 2.281 percent of GDP under SIPRI's own GDP series — a ratio that should not be recomputed against the separately sourced World Bank 2024 GDP figure above. Active personnel totaled 72,000 as of 2022, per COW NMC, with a CINC score of 0.00228 for the same year. Neither the personnel count nor the CINC score has a more recent update in the supplied data, so neither can confirm whether force size has changed alongside the 2025 spending figure.

Governance

V-Dem's 2025 data (v15) scores Romania at 0.605 on electoral democracy and 0.464 on liberal democracy, with a state capacity score of 0.694. The gap between the electoral and liberal democracy scores is among the wider ones in this batch, consistent with V-Dem's distinction between electoral competition and the broader rights and constraints captured by the liberal democracy index, though the dataset offers no further detail on the drivers of that gap.

Energy

Primary energy consumption was 1.28 exajoules in 2024, per Our World in Data — the smallest figure among the European countries in this batch. Electricity generation reached 49.81 terawatt-hours in 2025. Gas production, at 89.84 terawatt-hours in 2024, exceeded oil production of 33.34 terawatt-hours for the same year, indicating a production mix weighted toward gas. The dataset does not indicate whether this production meets domestic consumption or requires supplementing with imports.

Data Gaps

No trade, inflation, or GDP growth figures are present for Romania in the supplied data. The debt figure is a 2026 projection, not a recorded outturn, and the personnel and CINC figures are three years older than the most recent economic and military-spending data cited above. The mid-range governance scores and the gas-weighted energy production profile are the two most distinctive features the data supports; beyond them, the dataset is too narrow to characterize Romania's broader economic trajectory.

Sources: World Bank WDI, IMF WEO, IMF IFS, SIPRI Milex, COW NMC, V-Dem v15, Our World in Data (Energy)