Netherlands

Netherlands: High-Income Economy, Top-Tier State Capacity

The Netherlands' GDP was $1.21 trillion in 2024, per the World Bank's WDI series, with GDP per capita of $67,520 — among the highest in this batch — and a population of 18.0 million. The IMF's World Economic Outlook projects government debt at 44.1 percent of GDP in 2026, a moderate level relative to other countries covered here. Reserves stood at $32.1 billion as of 2025, per the IMF's International Financial Statistics — small in absolute terms next to the country's GDP, though reserves and GDP serve different functions and are not directly comparable.

Military Posture

SIPRI's 2025 figures put Dutch military expenditure at $28.9 billion, or 2.195 percent of GDP under SIPRI's own GDP series, which should not be recomputed against the separately sourced World Bank GDP figure above. Active personnel totaled 34,000 as of 2022, per COW NMC — the second-smallest force size in this set — with a CINC score of 0.00384 for the same year.

Governance

V-Dem's 2025 data (v15) scores the Netherlands at 0.832 on electoral democracy and 0.774 on liberal democracy. Its state capacity score of 0.969 is among the highest in this batch, on V-Dem's 0-to-1 scale. These are expert-coded index values; the dataset supplies no breakdown of which sub-components drive the high state capacity score.

Energy

Primary energy consumption was 3.34 exajoules in 2024, per Our World in Data. Electricity generation reached 134.96 terawatt-hours in 2025. Gas production was 80.67 terawatt-hours in 2024, continuing to reflect the country's established gas sector. The oil production figure of 14.76 terawatt-hours is dated 2016 — nine years stale relative to the other energy figures here — and should not be read as describing current output; it is included because the dataset supplies nothing more recent.

Data Gaps

No trade, inflation, or GDP growth figures appear in the supplied data for the Netherlands. The debt figure is a 2026 projection rather than an observed outturn, the oil production figure is substantially outdated as flagged above, and the personnel and CINC figures predate the 2024-2025 economic and military-spending data by two to three years. The near-maximal state capacity score, paired with a comparatively small active force, points to an administratively strong but numerically modest military establishment, though the dataset offers no reserve-force or procurement figures to round out that picture.

Sources: World Bank WDI, IMF WEO, IMF IFS, SIPRI Milex, COW NMC, V-Dem v15, Our World in Data (Energy)