Mongolia

Mongolia

Mongolia's GDP reached $23.79 billion in 2024, per World Bank WDI, with GDP per capita of $6,750.63 against a population of 3,524,788 that same year. The IMF WEO projects government debt at 43.7% of GDP for 2026, a forward-looking figure rather than an observed outturn. Foreign reserves stood at $5.91 billion in 2025, according to IMF IFS.

Military and power indicators

SIPRI's 2025 data record Mongolian military expenditure at $221.32 million, or 0.883% of GDP on SIPRI's own GDP accounting — a ratio that should not be recalculated against the World Bank's GDP figure above, since the two series are not the same. COW NMC lists 10,000 active personnel in 2022 and a CINC score of 0.00033126105 for that year.

Governance

V-Dem v15 scores Mongolia's electoral democracy index at 0.535 and its liberal democracy index at 0.424 for 2025, with a state capacity score of 0.483. No other governance series accompany these figures in this bundle.

Energy

Primary energy consumption was 0.2431 exajoules in 2023 (Our World in Data), and electricity generation reached 9.69 terawatt-hours in 2025. Oil production is listed at 15.115 terawatt-hours, but that figure is dated 2016 — nearly a decade old relative to the other 2023-2025 data points here — and should be treated as stale rather than current. Gas production is recorded at zero terawatt-hours, also as of 2016.

Set alongside one another, these figures describe a state with debt projected at 43.7% of GDP (IMF WEO, 2026), reserves of $5.91 billion (IMF IFS, 2025), and defense spending held to 0.883% of GDP on SIPRI's own accounting (SIPRI Milex, 2025). The governance figures — 0.535 on electoral democracy, 0.424 on liberal democracy, 0.483 on state capacity, all V-Dem v15 for 2025 — sit near the midpoint of V-Dem's 0-to-1 scales.

Data gaps

The oil production figure of 15.115 TWh and the zero gas-production figure both carry a 2016 reference year, far older than the rest of this bundle's energy data, and may no longer describe Mongolia's current production mix. The government debt figure is a 2026 projection rather than a historical observation. No trade, inflation, or arms-transfer data appear in this fact set. As with other countries in this bundle, the milex/GDP share is drawn from SIPRI's internal GDP series and is not comparable to, or derivable from, the World Bank's GDP topline cited above.

Sources: World Bank WDI, IMF WEO, IMF IFS, SIPRI Milex, Correlates of War National Material Capabilities, V-Dem v15, Our World in Data (Energy).