Timor-Leste

Timor-Leste

Timor-Leste, in the Asia region per this bundle's classification, had a population of 1,400,638 in 2024, according to World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI). Gross domestic product was $1,865,608,515.41 in 2024, per World Bank WDI, with GDP per capita at $1,331.97 the same year, also per World Bank WDI. Government debt stood at 14.9 percent of GDP in 2026, per the IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO). Foreign exchange reserves were $780,435,177.88 in 2024, per World Bank WDI.

On defense, SIPRI's Military Expenditure Database puts Timor-Leste's military spending at $47,916,000.00 in 2025. Measured against SIPRI's own GDP series — not the World Bank GDP figure cited above — that spending equated to 2.255 percent of GDP in 2025, per SIPRI Milex. Active military personnel numbered 2,000 as of 2022, according to the Correlates of War National Material Capabilities (COW NMC) dataset, which also puts the country's composite index of national capability (CINC) score at 0.00006463148 for 2022.

On governance, V-Dem v15 scores Timor-Leste's electoral democracy index at 0.736 and liberal democracy index at 0.549, both for 2025. State capacity is scored at 0.717 for the same year, also per V-Dem v15.

Energy figures from Our World in Data show primary energy consumption of 0.01 exajoules in 2023 and electricity generation of 0.51 terawatt-hours in 2024. The same dataset records oil production of 28.175 terawatt-hours and gas production of 68.949 terawatt-hours, both dated 2016.

Taken together, the defense figures describe a small force: 2,000 active personnel per COW NMC, supported by military spending of $47,916,000.00 per SIPRI Milex. That spending's 2.255 percent of GDP figure is drawn from SIPRI's own GDP series, not the $1,865,608,515.41 World Bank WDI GDP figure cited above, and the two should not be read as derived from one another. On governance, the 2025 V-Dem v15 readings of 0.736 for electoral democracy, 0.549 for liberal democracy, and 0.717 for state capacity are reported as point values for that year, without any prior-year V-Dem reading in this bundle to compare against. The 14.9 percent debt-to-GDP figure for 2026 is an IMF WEO figure, carrying a later year than the other economic series, which run through 2024-2025.

Data gaps

The oil and gas production figures are dated 2016, markedly older than the rest of the bundle's 2023-2025 energy, economic, and governance figures, and have not been refreshed since. The COW NMC personnel and CINC readings are likewise not updated past 2022.

Sources: World Bank WDI; IMF WEO; SIPRI Milex; COW NMC; V-Dem v15; Our World in Data (Energy).